解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of concomitant administration of dairy products on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of moxifloxacin. DESIGN:This was a single-centre, randomised, controlled, nonblinded, 2-way crossover study in healthy volunteers. PARTICIPANTS:12 healthy men (aged 25 to 46 years) were enrolle...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00003088-200140001-00005
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To analyse the influence of covariates on the apparent clearance (CL) of tacrolimus in paediatric liver transplant recipients being converted from cyclosporin to tacrolimus. DESIGN:Retrospective modelling study. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS:18 children, 13 girls and 5 boys, aged 4 months to 16 years (median 9....
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-200140010-00005
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Although amikacin is primarily eliminated via glomerular filtration, drug concentrations are not consistently predicted in all patients. To better describe the relationship between amikacin clearance and both age and renal function, we used a new heuristic approach involving statistical analysis of dependence...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-200140120-00004
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review describes the pharmacokinetics of the major drugs used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. This information can be helpful for the selection of a particular agent and offers guidance for effective and well tolerated regimens. The corticosteroids have a short elimination half-life (t1/2beta) of...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200140100-00003
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The half-life of a drug, which expresses a change in concentration in units of time, is perhaps the most easily understood pharmacokinetic parameter and provides a succinct description of many concentration-time profiles. The calculation of a half-life implies a linear, first-order, time-invariant process. No drug per...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-200140040-00001
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of liposomal carriers and the modification of therapeutic molecules through the attachment of poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG] moieties ('pegylation') are the most common approaches for enhancing the delivery of parenteral agents. Although 'classical' liposomes (i.e. phospholipid bilayer vehicles) have been effecti...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200140070-00005
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::High dosage busulfan (1 mg/kg orally every 6 hours x 16 doses) is frequently used in preparative regimens for haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Busulfan is well absorbed after oral administration, exhibits low protein binding and is metabolised through conjugation with glutathione to form a thiophenium io...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200039020-00005
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cisapride, a prokinetic agent, has been used for the treatment of a number of gastrointestinal disorders, particularly gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in adults and children. Since 1993, 341 cases of ventricular arrhythmias, including 80 deaths, have been reported to the US Food and Drug Administration. Marketing of...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200039010-00004
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity is associated with physiological changes that can alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of many drugs. Vancomycin and the aminoglycosides are the only antibacterials that have been extensively investigated in the obese population. The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) and total body clearance of vancomycin a...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200038050-00003
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The plasma protein binding of drugs, particularly those that are highly bound, may have significant clinical implications. Although protein binding is a major determinant of drug action, it is only one of a myriad of factors that influence drug disposition. The extent of protein binding is a function of drug and prote...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200038030-00005
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The aim of these studies was to determine the absolute bioavailability in healthy volunteers of inhaled fluticasone propionate (FP) administered as a single dose via the Diskhaler and Diskus powder devices, and the pharmacokinetics of inhaled FP after repeated administration via the Diskhaler device. METHODS...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00003088-200039001-00004
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease, apomorphine has an established place as a back-up therapy if other antiparkinsonian drugs, such as levodopa and oral dopamine agonists, have not controlled the existing response fluctuations. Apomorphine is a synthetic derivative of morphine, with a totally distin...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199937030-00004
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The combination of artemether and lumefantrine (benflumetol) is a new and very well tolerated oral antimalarial drug effective even against multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. The artemether component is absorbed rapidly and biotransformed to dihydroartemisinin, and both are eliminated with terminal half-lives of ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199937020-00002
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past few decades, the importance of applying pharmacokinetic principles to the design of drug regimens has been increasingly recognised by clinicians. From the perspective of antimicrobial chemotherapy, an improvement in clinical outcome and/or a reduction in toxicity are of primary interest. Before applicati...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199937010-00001
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The classic approach to describe the pharmacological response to a drug is to analyse its concentration-effect relationship, using a variety of possible models such as maximum effect (Emax) models or sigmoid Emax models. The aim of this review is to discuss an alternative way of describing the pharmacological effect i...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199936050-00005
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Buspirone is an anxiolytic drug given at a dosage of 15 mg/day. The mechanism of action of the drug is not well characterised, but it may exert its effect by acting on the dopaminergic system in the central nervous system or by binding to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptors. Following a oral dose of buspirone 20...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199936040-00003
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drug-drug, drug-formulation and drug-meal interactions are of clinical concern for orally administered drugs that possess a narrow therapeutic index. This review presents the current status of information regarding interactions which may influence the gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of orally administered drugs. Abso...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199936030-00004
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Models of tolerance are commonly derived on empirical grounds, because of lack of knowledge about the mechanism of tolerance or because of the difficulty of appropriately simplifying complex physiological processes. The present study was performed to evaluate the interchangeability of tolerance models used in the lite...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199936020-00005
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Zanamivir, a clinically proven potent and specific inhibitor of influenza A and B neuraminidase, has been approved in some countries for the treatment of influenza and is in late-stage development for the prophylaxis of influenza. This study investigated whether the coadministration of zanamivir and influenza...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00003088-199936001-00006
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sevoflurane is a comparatively recent addition to the range of inhalational anaesthetics which has been recently released for clinical use. In comparison to older inhalational agents such as isoflurane or halothane, the most important property of sevoflurane is its low solubility in the blood. This results in a more r...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199936010-00002
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent international guidelines on the detection, clinical assessment and management of patients with hypertension have highlighted a number of themes that should be incorporated into routine clinical practice. First, although antihypertensive therapy is having a major impact on reducing the incidence of coronary hear...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199937001-00004
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of cilostazol administration on warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following a single 25 mg dose of warfarin. DESIGN:A randomised double-blind 2-period crossover with healthy volunteers receiving either 100 mg cilostazol twice daily for 13 days or matching placebo twice dai...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00003088-199937002-00009
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are considerable laboratory data and information from animal and continuous culture in vitro models to support continuous infusion therapy for penicillins and cephalosporins, but, as yet, the only existing clinical data relate to cephalosporins. Penicillins do not exert concentration-dependent killing in the the...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199835050-00004
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are many pathological changes in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) which can lead to alterations in drug disposition. Although, in patients with CF, the extent of drug absorption varies widely and the rate of absorption is slower, bioavailability is not altered. Plasma protein binding for the majority of drugs ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199835040-00004
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The safety profile of any pharmacological agent is defined on the basis of its toxicity, tolerability and potential for pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interactions with other compounds, which may belong to the same or to a different pharmacological class. Drug-drug interactions are important in clinical practi...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199835020-00003
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been suggested that the minimum effective serum clozapine concentration for an acceptable clinical response (threshold value) is about 400 micrograms/L. This article argues against the use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) as a tool to obtain clozapine concentrations of > or = 400 micrograms/L in the individ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199834060-00005
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A change in drug clearance with age is considered an important factor in determining the high prevalence of adverse drug reactions associated with prescribing medications for the elderly. Despite this, no general principles have been available to guide drug administration in the elderly, although a substantial body of...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-199834050-00003
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clinical pharmacokinetics emerged as a clinical discipline in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring (CPM) helped many pharmacists to enter the clinical arena, but the focus was more on the pharmacists and tools. With the widespread acceptance of pharmaceutical care and patient-focused pha...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199834040-00001
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sulphonylureas have remained the mainstay of oral therapy for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). They stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. Pharmacokinetic differences between the various sulphonylureas are of clinical importance in terms of the time to onset of action, timing of...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199834030-00001
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nabumetone is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the 2,6-disubstituted naphthyl-alkanone class. Nabumetone is metabolised to an active metabolite 6-methoxy-2-napthylacetic acid (6-MNA) which is a relatively selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor that has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Nabumet...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199733060-00001
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carboplatin shares some of the therapeutic advantages of cisplatin, but without a significant incidence of the dose-limiting neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity which is experienced with cisplatin. However, its use is associated with dose-limiting bone marrow suppression. Carboplatin is present in the blood as 3 distinct...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199733030-00002
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mifepristone is a steroidal antiprogestin and antiglucocorticoid acting at the receptor level. The aromatic dimethylaminophenyl side chain in position 11 of the steroid structure is essential for the antagonistic properties of mifepristone. The pharmacokinetics of mifepristone are characterised by rapid absorption, a ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-199733010-00002
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since its discovery in 1970, and introduction into clinical practice in 1978, cyclosporin has become the most important immunosuppressive drug used to prevent organ transplant rejection. This has been achieved by virtue of the improved graft survival rates and adverse effect profiles in patients when compared with tha...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199732050-00002
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer chemotherapy doses are empirical in that the majority are administered at a fixed dose (mg/m2 or mg/kg). One reason for this is the intrinsic sensitivity of the tumour or host cells to one particular chemotherapy agent is unknown. Therefore, the likelihood of response or toxicity is unpredictable a priori. This...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199732040-00005
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews the information available to assist pharmacokineticists in the prediction of metabolic drug interactions. Significant advances in this area have been made in the last decade, permitting the identification in early drug development of dominant cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform(s) metabolising a particu...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199732030-00004
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacokinetics of grepafloxacin in healthy male subjects following single oral administration of doses ranging from 200 to 1200 mg, and following repeated oral administration of 400 and 800 mg doses are reported. Plasma levels of grepafloxacin reached a peak within 2 hours (on average) following drug administrat...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-199700331-00003
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carbamazepine is one of the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs and is also used in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and psychiatric disorders, particularly bipolar depression. Because of its widespread and long term use, carbamazepine is frequently prescribed in combination with other drugs, leading to ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199631030-00004
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rapid drug delivery (arterial "boli') and high drug concentrations occur with nicotine inhaled in smoke. These are believed to be key elements in producing addiction to cigarettes. Preparations which reduce the rate of delivery and/or concentration of nicotine have been introduced as treatments for smoking cessation. ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199631010-00005
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Warfarin, like all the 4-hydroxycoumarin compounds, has an asymmetric carbon atom. The clinically available warfarin preparations consist of a racemic mixture of equal amounts of 2 distinct S and R isomers, the former being 4-times more potent as anticoagulant and more susceptible to drug interaction. Warfarin is high...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199630040-00003
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclosporin (cyclosporin A) has been used as an immunosuppressive agent after organ transplantation for more than 15 years. The bioavailability of cyclosporin in its conventional oral formulation 'Sandimmun' displays considerable inter- and intra-patient variability. Absorption is also bile dependent. Recently, a new ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199630030-00001
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00